AM聚丙烯酰胺的合成及工艺物理特性：PAM由丙烯腈与水在骨架铜催化剂作用下直接反响生成聚丙烯酰胺再经离子交流聚合单调，等工序即得废品，工艺简介如下：催化剂：催化水合CH2=CHCN+H2O 湿度 CH2=CHCONH2 聚合nCH2=CHCONH2-引发剂-CH2CHCONH2

    聚丙烯酰胺工业用处：聚丙烯酸胺(PAM)分子量高、水溶性好、可调理分子量，并能够引进各种离子基团以得到特定的性能。低分子量是分散资料有效增调剂或稳定剂，高分子量是重要的絮凝剂，它能够制造出亲水而水不溶性的凝胶，它对许多团体外表和溶解物质有良好的粘附力。由于以上性能PAM普遍应用于絮凝、增稠、减阻、拟胶、粘结、阻垢等范畴 。

    阴离子聚丙烯酰胺依据不同用处和用户对产品性能的央求，可选用不同分子量运用。

    在工业废水处置中，特别是关于悬浮颗粒、较粗、浓度高、粒子带阳电荷，水的PH值为中性工碱性的污水如钢铁厂废水，电镀厂废水，冶金废水，洗煤废水等污水处置效果很好。

    在饮用水处置。我国很多自来水厂的水源自江河泥少及矿物质含量高，比拟混浊，虽经过沉淀处置，但仍达不到央求，需求投加絮凝剂，才干使水质变清，很多自来水厂采用无机絮凝剂，但投加量大，构成污泥量增大效果不好，采用阴离子聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝剂，投加量是无机絮凝的50分之一但效果是无机絮凝剂的几倍至几十倍，特别是我公司消费的聚丙烯酰胺，剩余单体已抵达食品级(小于0.05%)，接近国外***程度，***，对处置饮用水更为合适，关于有机物污染严重的江河水和阴离子聚丙烯酰胺配合运用效果更好。

    聚丙烯酰胺用作淀粉厂及酒精厂的流失淀粉及酒糟的回收。往常很多淀粉厂排出的废水内淀粉很高，排放之后影响环境，糜费资源，投加PAM，使淀粉沉淀，沉淀物经压滤机压滤变成饼类可作饲料，酒精厂大量的酒糟就是采用这种工艺加工的，黑龙江某酒精厂就是聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝剂，对酒糟中止回收的而且获得了很大的经济效益。

    聚丙烯酰胺用作油田调剖堵水的堵水剂，三次采油的驱油剂。

    聚丙烯酰胺用作造纸助剂，PAM在造纸方面用处很普遍，可作为长纤维造纸分散剂，干湿加强剂，助留，助滤剂及造纸废水的絮凝剂等。

    ***型的水处置剂聚丙烯酰胺，在很多场所处置污水和上水时，阴离子聚丙烯酰胺和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺配合运用要比单独运用一种离子型聚丙烯酰胺产生十分***和协同效应，PAM对降低外表张力的才干要远远大于同条件下阳离子或阴离子单独存在的才干，为抵达降低外表张力的央求，需求同时运用阴离子和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺，便两者如运用不当，会产生白色沉淀物，失去运用效果 。而PAM具有两性离子的特性，它能够完成阴离子、阳离子的配合协同作用，面没有任何沉淀物的产生，特别是对水质状况比拟复杂或水的性质经常变化的，运用PAM作为处置絮凝剂更为便当，效果更好。

    在污水预处置中采用的污泥取自以钱塘江水为水源的沉淀池，该水厂以聚合氯化铝PAC为絮凝剂。污泥经自然浓缩到含固率为2.7%～2.8%，经测定，污泥中有机物含量为12.1%，sj如含量为52.1%，Al。含量为20.2%。 PAM有阳离子型、阴离子型和非离子型三品种型。非离子型PAM溶解速度较慢，普通不用于污泥预处置，因而实验仅选用两种有代表性的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺和阴离子聚丙烯酰胺。阳离子型PAM分子量1200万，丙烯酰胺单体含量0.012%。阴离子型PAM分子量1250万，丙烯酰胺单体含量0.013％。两种PAM配制浓度均为0.05％%，冰箱冷藏24h后运用。

    (1)PAM预处置污泥取lOOml污泥，放入300ml的烧杯中，采用六联搅拌机以1130rpm的转速快 速搅拌30s后疾速投加～定量制备好的PAM，继续以lOOrpm的转速搅拌30s， 然后降低搅拌机转速到20～30rpm慢速搅拌60s促进絮凝。分别测定预处置后污泥的比阻、毛细吸水时间(CST)、过滤液的粘度和离心液的粘度。

    (2)比阻按考克力(Coackley)提出的实验办法，采用布氏漏斗实验。布氏漏斗的直径为80mm，滤纸采用由70mm定量中速滤纸，实验真空度控制为0.01MPa。实验反复3次取均匀值。

    (3)为了降低比阻，进步污泥脱水效果，在污泥脱水前普通均需对污泥中止预处置。污泥预处置的办法有冰冻一冻结预处置、热处置、酸处置、碱处置、石灰预处置和高分子絮凝剂预处置等，其中高分子絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM) 预处置是目前国内外采用最普遍的预处置办法。

    (4) 聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂预处置普通占整个污泥处置费用较高的比例，因而，聚丙烯酰胺的优化选择和投加率的合理肯定对降低污泥预处置费用相当关键。对选择聚丙烯酰胺的实验办法的研讨已展开多年，包括比阻、CST值、污泥流变性、分别液粘度、活动电流等。The synthesis and process physical properties of AM polyacrylamide: PAM is prepared by direct reaction of acrylonitrile with water under the action of framework copper catalyst, and then dried by ion exchange polymerization. The process is as follows: catalyst: catalytic hydration CH2 = CHCN + H2 humidity CH2 = CHCONH2 polymerization nCH2 = CHCONH2 - initiator - CH2CHCONH2

Industrial uses of polyacrylamide: Polyacrylamide (PAM) has high molecular weight, good water solubility, adjustable molecular weight, and can introduce various ionic groups to obtain specific properties. Low molecular weight is an effective additive or stabilizer for dispersing materials. High molecular weight is an important flocculant. It can produce hydrophilic and water-insoluble gel, which has good adhesion to many groups of surface and dissolved substances. Because of the above properties, PAM is widely used in flocculation, thickening, drag reduction, glue imitation, bonding, scale inhibition and other fields.

Anionic polyacrylamide can be used in different molecular weights according to different uses and user&＃39;s requirements for product performance.

In industrial wastewater treatment, especially for suspended particles, coarser, high concentration, positive charged particles, neutral and alkaline wastewater such as iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other wastewater treatment effect is very good.

In drinking water treatment. The water source of many Waterworks in our country is low in mud and high in mineral content, which is turbid. Although it has been treated by precipitation, it still can not meet the requirements. Flocculants are needed to make the water quality clear. Many waterworks use inorganic flocculants, but the amount of inorganic flocculants is large, resulting in poor effect of sludge increase. Anionic polyacrylamide  acrylamide monomer was 0.012%. The molecular weight of anionic PAM was 12.5 million and the content of acrylamide monomer was 0.013%. The concentration of two kinds of PAM is 0.05%. They are used after refrigeration for 24 hours.

(1) PAM pretreatment sludge takes lOml sludge and puts it into a 300 ml beaker. Six-unit mixers are used to mix at 1130 RPM speed for 30 seconds, and then the PAM is added to the sludge quickly and quantitatively. The PAM is stirred at lOOrpm speed for 30 seconds, then the speed of the mixer is reduced to 20-30 rpm and the slow stirring speed is 60 seconds to promote flocculation. The specific resistance of pretreated sludge, capillary water absorption time (CST), the viscosity of filtrate and the viscosity of centrifuge were measured.

(2) The specific resistance is tested by Brinell funnel according to the test method proposed by Coackley. The diameter of Brinell funnel is 80 mm. The filter paper is made of 70 mm medium speed filter paper. The vacuum degree of the test is controlled to 0.01 MPa. The experiment was repeated three times to get the average value.

(3) In order to reduce specific resistance and improve sludge dewatering effect, sludge should be pretreated before sludge dewatering. Sludge pretreatment methods include freeze-thaw pretreatment, heat treatment, acid treatment, alkali treatment, lime pretreatment and polymer flocculant pretreatment. Polymer flocculant polyacrylamide (PAM) pretreatment is the most widely used pretreatment method at home and abroad.

    (5)实验研讨标明：投加阳离子型和阴离子型PAM后污泥比阻都降低近2个数量级，***改善了污泥的脱水性能。阴离子型PAM投加率为0.3kg/T干污泥，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的投加率为1.5kg/T于污泥，可见阴离子型PAM的投加率远小于阳离子型PAM的投加率，且阴离子型PAM的价钱约是阳离子型PAM价钱的1/2，故阴离子型PAM可作为自来水厂污泥预处置药剂的。

    (6)依据CST值变化肯定PAM最投加率与测定比阻得到的最投加率分歧。并且CST值与比阻之间存在线性相关关系，比阻值越大，CST值越大，因而能够采用CST值来近似替代污泥比阻反映污泥的脱水性能。与比阻相比，cST值测定快速、烦琐，不但适用于实验室研讨，还可用于消费现场，快速理解污泥脱水性能的变化，使操作人员及时调楚PAM投加率，俭省药剂费。is used as flocculant, and the dosage is inorganic flocculant. One fiftieth of the flocculants, but the effect is several times to dozens of times that of inorganic flocculants. Especially the polyacrylamide produced by our company, the residual monomers have reached the food grade (less than 0.05%), close to the advanced level abroad, non-toxic, more suitable for the treatment of drinking water, and better for the use of organic pollutants polluted river water and illion and the content of

   （工业葡萄糖在污水中的作用；污水处理中为什么要加工业葡萄糖）

   二、污水处理调试期间投加工业葡萄糖等是为了提供碳源，这是为了更好的培育细菌，提高污水的可生化性，有效改进污泥的亲和性，比尿素的效果要来的快。若运行的体系中COD、BOD不足以供给菌种生长繁衍的话，就需要另外投加，以防污泥老化，生物活性降低。

   工业葡萄糖主要用于以活性污泥法处理污水。

   参加活性污泥处理的微生物，在其生命活动过程中，需要不断从周围环境的污水中汲取其所有必要的营养物质，包括：碳源、氮源、无机盐类以及某些生长素等。待处理的污水中有必要充分含有这些物质。

   碳是构成微生物细胞的重要物质，参加活性污泥处理的微生物对碳源需求量较大，一般以BOD5计，不该低于100mg/L。日子污水碳源比较充足，关于一些碳源不足的工业废水则应弥补碳源，如日子污水或是淀粉、葡萄糖等。

   我厂是出产工业葡萄糖的专业厂家，出产的工业葡萄糖分为一级工业葡萄糖、二级工业葡萄糖、优等工业葡萄糖和污水级专用葡萄糖。

   咱们也可按用户要求调配适用于客户的产品。

ions entering and touching the solution. The equipment should be made of plastics, stainless steel, FRP or carbon steel with surface coating resin.由于它的固含量，一般情况下干粉聚丙烯酰胺在干燥、阴凉的当地是寄存二年以上的，但假如配成溶液的话，它的寄存时刻就有限了，一般说，溶液浓度为0.1%的时候，非离子与阴离子聚丙烯酰胺溶液不会超过一周的时刻，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺溶液则不会超过一天，而且溶液的稳定性与溶液的浓度有关，配的浓度越浓，例如3%——5%的溶液寄存时刻越长，但3%——5%的溶液不能直接去处理污水，这种在运用前需要稀释，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺溶液PH值小于5.5的时后比较稳定，假如大于6.0的话，就会由于水解的原因而失效，水介质涣散型聚丙烯酰胺保质期为六个月。

??所以聚丙烯酰胺仍是选用固体的比较好，能够做到随配随用，不造成糟蹋。

??当然大家一定要注意保存聚丙烯酰胺各种条件和忌讳，聚丙烯酰胺对铁离子、钙离子、镁离子比阴离子聚合物质灵敏，尤其是铁离子是造成所有聚丙烯酰胺化学降解的催化剂，所以在制造、搬运与储存聚丙烯酰胺溶液的话，一定要尽量避免铁离子进入与溶液触摸设备要用塑料、不锈钢、玻璃钢或表面涂料树脂的碳钢制造。

    (7)不管是阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂还是阴离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂，随着投加率的增加，滤液和离心液粘度都呈现与比阻和CST值类似的变化规律，呈现了明显的最小值，而且该最小值对应投加率与污泥比阻和CST值实验得到的投加率根本分歧。该办法断定PAM投加率快速、简单，而且还有可能用作消费上在线控制PAint最 佳投加率的参数，但其在消费上的应用还需做进一步的实验研讨。